Semi Causal Nonparametric Markov Random Field Texture Synthesis

<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"> <h1 align="center">Semi Causal Nonparametric Markov Random Field Texture Synthesis</h1> <p><a href="index.htm" target="_top">My Home Page</a></p> <p><a href="nonparaMRFfast.htm" target="_top">Fast Version</a></p> <p>This algorithm is a cut down version of the algorithm published in <A HREF="papers/Paget_IP_1998.pdf"><b>IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 1998</b></A>. In this version, it has been rewritten for a single cpu machine. To maintain speed of synthesis, the update function <b>pUpdateFn()</b> has been set to return the maximum value. If this was modified to return a portion of the maximum value, then the synthesis would take longer, but there would be a gain in quality. If you do decide to modify the code, be careful, as I have not put in any safeguard checks. Best to fully understand the whole code, before modifying it.</p> <p> Recently there has been quite an influx of nonparametric sampling techniques for texture synthesis (,<a href="links.htm" target="_top"><b>here is a brief list</b></a>). This is because it has been the nonparametric models that have had the greatest success at synthesising arbitrary textures. This technique uses a multiscale approach, which has the advantage that only a small neighbourhood is required. </p> <p><UL><LI>R. Paget and I. D. Longstaff, ``Texture synthesis via a noncausal nonparametric multiscale Markov random field,'' <I>IEEE Transactions on Image Processing</I>, vol. 7, n 6, pp. 925-931, June 1998. - <A HREF="papers/Paget_IP_1998.pdf">Paget_IP_1998.pdf</A> - <A HREF="papers/Paget_IP_1998.ps.gz">Paget_IP_1998.ps.gz</A> - <A HREF="papers/Paget_IP_1998.ppt">Paget_IP_1998.ppt</A> </LI></UL> <p>However the basis of the algorithm first appeared in:</p> <p><UL><LI>R. Paget and I. D. Longstaff, ``A nonparametric multiscale Markov random field model for synthesising natural textures,'' in <I>Fourth International Symposium on Signal Processing and its Applications</I>, vol. 2, (Gold Coast, Australia), pp. 744-747, ISSPA 96, August 1996. - <A HREF="papers/Paget_ISSPA_1996.pdf">Paget_ISSPA_1996.pdf</A> - <A HREF="papers/Paget_ISSPA_1996.ps.gz">Paget_ISSPA_1996.ps.gz</A> </LI> <LI>R. Paget and I. D. Longstaff, ``Texture synthesis via a nonparametric Markov random field,'' in <I>Proceedings of DICTA-95, Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications </I>(A. Maeder and B. Lovell, eds.), vol. 1, (Brisbane, Australia), pp. 547-552, Australian Pattern Recognition Society, December 1995. - <A HREF="papers/Paget_DICTA_1995.pdf">Paget_DICTA_1995.pdf</A> - <A HREF="papers/Paget_DICTA_1995.ps.gz">Paget_DICTA_1995.ps.gz</A> </LI> </UL> <br> <h3>Source Code</h3> <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td> <a href="MRFsynthesis_v1.2.tar.gz">Download Source Code</a> </td><td width=20></td><td> <i>Copyright (C) 2002, by Rupert Paget, all rights reserved.</i> </td></tr></table> <p>The source code requires <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org">ImageMagick</a> to be preinstalled. To compile the code, run gmake in the parent directory. There are two makefiles, one in parent directory, and in the src directory. If the code does not compile, both makefiles will need to be edited. I have written one for a sun (default) and one for an sgi machine, but I give no guarantees that they will work. </p> <h3>The program is executed with the following command</h3> <p> nonparaMRF [-l levels] [-n neighOrder] [-s] [-t treeMax] [-c] [-x cols] [-y rows] [-h] texturefile </p> <p>where</p> <p> <dl compact> <dt>levels = <dd>number of gray levels the image will be compacted to. Reducing the number from 255, will probably not improve the synthesis, and will most likely increase the run time. <dt>neighOrder = <dd>number to signify neighbourhood size. See <a href="nonparaMRFSynthesisTemplate.htm" target="Synthesis">neighbourhoods</a> for schematics of the neighbourhoods used in the texture synthesis algorithm. <dt>s = <dd>if set, the neighbourhood becomes a square neighbourhood. <dt>treeMax = <dd>maximum quadtree height. The algorithm will not allow the quadtree height to be set to a value that will allow either the input image or output image to be reduced to less than a 2x2 pixel image. <dt>c = <dd>if set, the output image is defined to be toroidal (ie cyclic) where each border matches with its opposite border. <dt>cols = <dd>number of columns in the output image. If undefined, number columns in the output image will equal number columns in the input image. <dt>rows = <dd>number of rows in the output image. If undefined, number rows in the output image will equal number rows in the input image. <dt>h = <dd>if set, will mean that just usage and default values will be displayed. This will also occur if no input values are given. <dt>texturefile = <dd>is the input texture image that is to be synthesised. </dl> <p> Default values are : levels = 256, neighOrder = 1, square = false, treeMax = 6, cyclic = false </p> <p> <h3><a href="nonparaMRFSynthesisTemplate.htm" target="Synthesis">Schematic of the neighbourhoods used in the texture synthesis algorithm<img src="nonparaMRFimages/n2_64x64.gif" width=64 height=64 border=0 alt="Schematic of the neighbourhoods used in the texture synthesis algorithm"></a></h3> <br> <h3>Synthesis run times for various input parameters</h3> <p> These times were compiled on a distributed system of mainly <b>SunBlades 100</b>: 500 MHz, 256 MBytes RAM. The input textures were 128x128 pixel images, and the output synthesised textures were 256x256 pixel images. Although the run times are basically dependent on input image size, output image size, and neighbourhood size, the run times are also partly dependent on input texture type. This is due to the nearest neighbour search algorithm used in the code. In this table, is compiled the fastest run times, and slowest run times. But we found that the majority of the synthesis run times were close to the recorded fastest run times, and that the slowest run times were really just outliers. Time stamps are in "Days Hours:Minutes:Seconds". </p> <table cellspacing=5 border> <tr><th>Neighbourhood</th><th># of Tests</th><th>Min Run Time</th><th>Max Run Time</th><th>Mean Run Time</th><th>Stdev Run Time</th></tr> <tr><td>1 </td><td>165</td><td>0 00:31:23</td><td>0 01:35:03</td><td>0 00:35:18</td><td>0 00:07:47</td></tr> <tr><td>1 -c </td><td>165</td><td>0 00:31:13</td><td>0 01:34:16</td><td>0 00:34:53</td><td>0 00:07:15</td></tr> <tr><td>1 -s </td><td>165</td><td>0 01:03:56</td><td>0 01:54:10</td><td>0 01:12:46</td><td>0 00:11:28</td></tr> <tr><td>1 -s -c</td><td>165</td><td>0 01:04:13</td><td>0 02:15:02</td><td>0 01:11:47</td><td>0 00:10:26</td></tr> <tr><td>2 </td><td>165</td><td>0 01:04:36</td><td>0 03:21:20</td><td>0 01:13:41</td><td>0 00:15:17</td></tr> <tr><td>2 -c </td><td>165</td><td>0 01:03:30</td><td>0 03:13:31</td><td>0 01:13:40</td><td>0 00:14:46</td></tr> <tr><td>2 -s </td><td>165</td><td>0 03:21:20</td><td>0 11:19:55</td><td>0 04:02:32</td><td>0 00:46:22</td></tr> <tr><td>2 -s -c</td><td>165</td><td>0 03:23:22</td><td>0 07:21:36</td><td>0 04:08:01</td><td>0 00:41:17</td></tr> <tr><td>3 </td><td>165</td><td>0 01:03:54</td><td>0 03:13:10</td><td>0 01:16:12</td><td>0 00:17:47</td></tr> <tr><td>3 -c </td><td>165</td><td>0 01:04:33</td><td>0 02:04:17</td><td>0 01:13:36</td><td>0 00:13:18</td></tr> <tr><td>3 -s </td><td>165</td><td>0 06:56:41</td><td>0 19:40:29</td><td>0 08:57:25</td><td>0 01:54:24</td></tr> <tr><td>3 -s -c</td><td>165</td><td>0 06:58:14</td><td>1 07:17:52</td><td>0 09:02:56</td><td>0 02:39:20</td></tr> <tr><td>4 </td><td>165</td><td>0 01:37:10</td><td>0 05:20:45</td><td>0 02:00:02</td><td>0 00:34:48</td></tr> <tr><td>4 -c </td><td>165</td><td>0 01:36:24</td><td>0 05:04:11</td><td>0 01:57:59</td><td>0 00:27:19</td></tr> <tr><td>4 -s </td><td>165</td><td>0 11:46:22</td><td>1 15:45:23</td><td>0 15:21:18</td><td>0 04:45:01</td></tr> <tr><td>4 -s -c</td><td>165</td><td>0 11:56:31</td><td>1 12:23:21</td><td>0 15:21:07</td><td>0 03:28:20</td></tr> </table> <h3>Limitations</h3> <p> <ul> <li>This algorithm works well for natural textures which have a pixelwise noise distribution. However unwanted noise appears in textures that don't have a substantial pixel noise distribution (like artificial textures). The noise seems to appear at pixel points that have been synthesised at the higher grid levels (lower resolution). There are various reasons for this, but it results from modifying the update function <b>pUpdateFn()</b> in order to speed up the algorithm. One possible solution would be to multiply the probability image by say 0.9 after each grid level is synthesised and before the next lower grid level begins its synthesis. However this will inevitable lead to longer synthesis times. </ul> <br> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <p> <ul> <li>To compare this algorithm with other algorithms, it is necessary to use the same neighbourhood for each. </ul> <br> <h3>For More Information</h3> <p> Email Rupert Paget at: <a href="mailto:dr@rupertpaget.com">dr@rupertpaget.com</a></p>  <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">var site="s13rupert"</script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript1.2" src="http://s13.sitemeter.com/js/counter.js?site=s13rupert"> </script> <noscript> <a href="http://s13.sitemeter.com/stats.asp?site=s13rupert" target="_top"> <img src="http://s13.sitemeter.com/meter.asp?site=s13rupert" alt="Site Meter" border=0></a> </noscript>   <p> <a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer"><img border="0" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401" alt="Valid HTML 4.01!" height="31" width="88"></a> </p> <p> This site was proofread by<br> <a href="http://www.englishediting.ch">English Editing Experts</a>. </p> </body>